In the age of artificial intelligence, it has become increasingly necessary to be well-prepared to contain the spread of fake news, which is facilitated by the proliferation of content, largely driven by AI itself. As content creation processes accelerate, the need for efficient data and document management grows. In this context, cognitive heuristics are constantly challenged, requiring rigorous training in critical thinking to question information encountered online, as well as through both digital and physical word-of-mouth. Fact-checking during emergencies has thus become a crucial component of crisis management. Let’s explore the most effective tools and methodologies, beginning, inevitably, with preparation.
The “Situation Room” and rapid classification of information
Rapid information verification during an emergency begins long before the emergency itself occurs. It is essential to establish an executive meeting space (physical or virtual) where a dedicated and trained team, with predefined internal communication channels and immediate access to verified official sources, can operate instantly. This structure should be supported by predefined action protocols tailored to different types of emergencies [for example, operational protocols of the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN)].
A crucial aspect is the rapid yet rigorous classification of information. Categorising information as follows enables a more efficient management of information flow and clearer communication to the public:
- Confirmed by official sources
- Probable but awaiting confirmation
- Not verifiable at present
- Debunked by reliable sources
- Clearly false
Operational tools for emergency fact-checking
A hierarchical verification method remains fundamental, involving immediate validation through primary official sources such as the Civil Protection Department and Fire Brigade, cross-checking with statements from local authorities, consultation with pre-vetted sector experts, analysis of reports from accredited journalistic sources, and monitoring of institutional social media accounts that have been pre-verified. The effectiveness of rapid fact-checking relies on a combination of technological tools and operational procedures. Real-time monitoring dashboards, integrated with semantic analysis software, allow the quick identification of specific keyword spikes and track the spread of potentially false news.
For image verification, which is often the first tool used to capture attention by those spreading disinformation, several techniques are used, including reverse image search through platforms such as Google Images and TinEye, EXIF metadata analysis, and comparison with historical image databases. Simple observational techniques, such as checking visible weather conditions and identifying architectural or landscape elements, can also help determine authenticity.
These tools must be accompanied by a rapid response protocol that includes clear criteria to determine verification priorities, procedures for involving specific experts, pre-formatted communication templates such as standardised formats for debunking claims, and a pre-organised amplification network to distribute corrections, with a tracking system to monitor the rectification process. This must integrate traditional alert systems, coordination with authorities, and a broader emergency communication plan, including guidelines for urgent corrections.
Throughout the process, communication impact monitoring is crucial, tracking the spread of fake news and assessing the effectiveness of corrections, including public sentiment analysis. Based on these assessments, further corrective actions may be taken, such as swift admission of errors, clear explanations of corrections, and maintaining verification history. Additionally, post-emergency documentation should be prepared to refine protocols based on lessons learned, using simulations and further training.
As frequently emphasised in this blog, the key to success is proactive preparation—the more a system is refined and tested before an emergency, the more effective it will be when truly needed.
Case Study: the Emilia-Romagna flood of May 2023
The flood that struck Emilia-Romagna in May 2023 highlights the critical role of misinformation in emergency management and the importance of an effective fact-checking system. During the event, false news spread rapidly on social media, including non-existent reports of dam failures, videos of floods from other contexts, and unfounded claims about mass evacuations and the causes of the disaster.
The institutions had had to tackle both the real crisis and the information crisis simultaneously. Fact-checking was essential to immediately verify sources, debunk misleading content, and ensure transparent communication through official channels, in collaboration with media.
Thanks to effective information management, it was possible to maintain public trust, prevent dangerous behaviour, facilitate rescue operations, and direct aid to the areas actually affected. This case demonstrates how a well-organised verification system is crucial not only for countering misinformation but also for actively supporting emergency management through preparation, appropriate tools, and a coordinated response.
